Dear clients, family and friends,

As a follow-up to last Monday’s email, I want to thank the dozens of people who wrote back with praise and thanks. Last week saw a 15% drop in the S&P 500. Meanwhile, our SPXS position shot up almost 45% for the week. The position currently enjoys a profit of 63% in just 17 days. 

 Also, as I write this, it appears that the Administration and Congress will reach a trillion-dollar stimulus package before the end of the day. We have certainly been tricked and disappointed in the past, but this time let’s hope they have put politics aside and do the right thing for our country. 

I have made the difficult but prudent decision to exit our SPXS position and protect our epic profit of 63%. Remember the old saying, “Pigs get fat, hogs get slaughtered.’’ It’s in play right here, right now.

Tomorrow brings us another day, and our process will allow us to make the right decision. This may be just a few days of hiatus of green over red, and then back to more sell off.

Right now we need to be praying for the millions of Americans in the travel, hotel, restaurant, retail, manufacturing, and service sectors who have lost their jobs—many may be permanent. Most of them were living “paycheck to paycheck” before the Coronavirus reared its ugly head. Now I shudder to imagine the hardships they face.

All of my comments from last Monday remain in play. Federal money will help dislocated employees and small businesses in the short term. But the damage to GDP and consumer confidence will require months to repair. You know anybody looking to buy a restaurant or a hotel? I don’t think so.

Pray for our great country. Worst case scenario is this is a replay of the 1918/1919 Spanish flu. 

Please write back or call me to talk. I am sequestered at home as is most of our staff. I have nothing to do but send emails and speak with all of you!  

Seriously, don’t hesitate to call me. I am here for YOU.​

Jack  240 401 2355 

Jack Reutemann, Jr

Research Financial Strategies​

Emergency Special Market Update

Dear friends, family and clients,  

Wow! In my 45 years I have never seen this.  Prior bear markets (a decline of 20% or more from the last trailing high of the S&P 500 index—which was 2/19/2020) were caused by the collapse in fundamental economics, such as the banking and bad real-estate loan crisis of 2007-2009. Or the irrational tech bubble of 2000-2002. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first bear market caused by a disease, since the impact of both the Spanish flu of 1918-1919 combined with WWI. 

I am going to share my thoughts with you, and I have attached many of my reference points, not in chronological order, both above and below.  I apologize for that, for it is above my pay grade.  I am desperate to get this email out to you, and I apologize for any linguistic glitches. I normally have a brilliant staff to clean up these emails. I encourage you all to write me back with your candid comments and questions:

There are 7 major parts to the mess we are in:

1. The humanitarian cost to the economy of illness and deaths is enormous.  Our thoughts and prayers to all who have lost a family member or friend. Not to make light of that, but the economic destruction is epic.

2. Why is this impacting the economy and the stock markets? Here is where I go random on you.  The attached article on the “manufacturing supply chain” shows major global ramifications.  By example, the parts of an Apple iPhone come from 26 different countries.  You only need one part missing, and no iPhone shipped.  Extend this concept to everything that is manufactured globally:  TV’s, phones, computer gear, appliances, automobiles, tractors, medical supplies and big pharm, to name just a few.  A statistic I trust more than the Fed is a recent survey by Dunn & Bradstreet of their Fortune 1000 customers, which shows that 94% of transportation management executives in those companies reported supply change interruptions.  Even if you were motivated to buy something, the news is already reporting enormous lack of supply.  Think of Samsung TV’s and phones from South Korea, computer gear from Japan, cars and trucks, appliances from South Korea, Japan, Mexico, China, Germany, Italy, etc.  The math will make your head explode.

3. You need to listen to the following statistics  from our federal agencies.  71% of US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) comes from consumers and small businesses.  This spending is from the top 25% of US consumers and businesses.  Not a statistic that we should be proud of, but 50% of consumers have a negative net worth, meaning their liabilities are greater than their assets.  70% of Americans don’t have $500 in their checking account to fund an emergency car repair, etc.  The economy revolves around the 30% of the wealthiest Americans, who are responsible for this 71% of GDP.  In most cases, they have stopped spending money.

4. The Fed at about 3 PM on Sunday, today, as I write this, dropped overnight rates to banks to the 0.00 to 0.25% range.  Who will this help? More  random questions and thoughts:  Are you going to go out tomorrow and buy a new auto/truck because the interest  rate is 1% less? Book a cruise? (They are shut down for 60 days!) Buy airline tickets to Disneyland??  It’s closed.  Go to Home Depot or Lowes and buy a new $50,000 kitchen or bathroom renovation? The one bright spot is refinancing and new house purchases.  The Fed rate cut should trickle down to lower mortgage interest rates.  If you haven’t checked your home mortgage interest rate lately, do so right now.  Caution, I have dozens of mortgage and bank lending officers who are clients.  Their pipeline is 2 to 3 months out.  In many cases, they have closed their pipelines to new applications.

5. The combination of decreased consumer and small business spending, combined with simple human fear, has taken a toll on all stock markets.  A long time ago I learned the expression, “The trend is your friend.” Since 2/19/2020, the all-time high mentioned above, we have had 17 stock market days: 13 down, 4 up.  End of game.  Restaurants, retail, cruise lines and leisure travel have taken a huge hit.  I’m sure you have seen the pictures on the Internet of the empty shelves in all grocery stores, Costco, Wal-Mart, etc.  This is not going to be miraculously repaired over night because interest is cheaper.  And by the way, don’t expect those interest rate cuts to banks to trickle down overnight to your credit card balances.  The most credit worthy of the US citizens, about 25%, will get a better rate on an auto/truck loan or a mortgage.  Per above, 70% of Americans were frozen in poverty before 2/19/2020 and will continue to be so.

6. There are a couple of bright spots.  Student loan interest forgiveness, 2 weeks of unpaid wages to small business employees. And here is the big one (article attached). There are approximately 100 banks and lenders that have loaned billions to the small/medium oil patch producers, i.e., not Exxon Mobil.  These small producers, who mostly do shale fracking, have an average cost to produce and extract at $31/barrel.  Oil currently fetches about $30/barrel.  You can’t make money spending $31 to sell something for $30.  You don’t need to have a Ph.D. in Economics to figure that out.  Will the Fed’s interest rate cuts make oil go back to $60/barrel?  More than likely,  not!  Due to the supply chain disruptions above, in China, and most other countries that have manufacturing-based economies, are buying less oil. (Think G20, Group of 20, 19 nations and the European Union.)   Add to that consumers, airlines, cruise lines, etc.

7. Now for the scary,  gross part (references attached). 95% of the US consumption of 200+ varieties of fruits, nuts and vegetables come from California.  The major West coast cities from Seattle to San Diego are suffering from a pre-2/19/2020 epidemic of homeless street people living in tents.  Again, it doesn’t take much to realize that these people are not the healthiest, cleanest and best cared-for individuals to begin with.  COVID-19 will hit them hard.  In the attached reference, you’ll see that there are approximately 12 to 15 million migrant workers in CA responsible for the harvesting of those 200+ fruits, nuts and vegetables.  What happens to the food supply chain when COVID-19 hits the migrant workers in CA?  That might just explain all the empty shelves in grocery stores this past week. Consumers get it.

 I’m sorry if you think I am an alarmist.  My number one job is to protect you and your family’s investments.  We are doing that.  Many accounts went to 100% “cash” on 2/28/2020,  and other accounts have been substantially defensive, known as “short”,  since then.  We have the greatest scientists, MD’s, and Ph.D.’s working on this pandemic.  If you haven’t seen Dr. Anthony Fauci on TV, Google him.  His team is the best, and not a bunch of TV talking heads.

Please write me back with your questions and comments ASAP.  I am doing my best to protect you and your family.

Jack

Sources:
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/15/world/coronavirus-live.html?emc=edit_na_20200315&ref=cta&nl=breaking-news&campaign_id=60&instance_id=0&segment_id=22258&user_id=8ceee818e1df4b6e6a8576714a4f7c82&regi_id=67446251
https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/coronavirus-ray-dalio-not-solved-rate-cuts-stock-market-hedging-2020-3-1028964518?utm_campaign=browser_notification&utm_source=desktop
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ackman-hedges-protect-against-coronavirus-225332704.html
https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/oecd-slashes-2020-global-growth-outlook-on-coronavirus-fears-2020-3-1028954418?utm_source=markets&utm_medium=ingest
https://slate.com/technology/2013/07/california-grows-all-of-our-fruits-and-vegetables-what-would-we-eat-without-the-state.html
https://www.farmprogress.com/tree-nuts/what-happens-if-us-loses-california-food-production
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/20200302_COVID19.pdf
https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/04/house-coronavirus-funding-121065
https://moneywise.com/a/these-restaurant-chains-are-closing-2020
https://www.dnb.com/content/dam/english/economic-and-industry-insight/DNB_Business_Impact_of_the_Coronavirus_US.pdf
https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-climate-change-risks-bc81ec96-ca03-4af7-867f-2aac2648b2d5.html
https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/486645-cdc-americans-over-60-should-stock-up-on-supplies-avoid-crowds
https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pimco-its-just-going-to-get-worse-for-economy-2020-03-08?mod=hp_minor_pos20
https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director
https://morningconsult.com/form/consumer-confidence-tracking-us/

It started in China, then spread to South Korea and Japan. Cruise ships have carried it; tourists have transported it. Now it’s in Italy and Iran, Thailand and Taiwan, and more countries besides. It has infected almost 80,000 people and been fatal to over 2,600.1

We are referring, of course, to the coronavirus.

COVID-19, as scientists call it, is a new strain of respiratory virus that can cause severe pneumonia and even death.  What started as a local outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan has rapidly become much more, and the markets are beginning to take it seriously.  On February 24, the Dow dropped over 1,000 points, and the S&P 500 over 100, after news broke that cases have surged in Italy and South Korea.2

Obviously, the human cost of an epidemic is more important than anything else.  But in addition to being a health crisis, COVID-19 also has the potential to create an economic crisis.  Viruses are small but insidious, and they can infect more than just people.

They can also infect supply chains.

This fact is what has investors – and even some of the world’s most powerful corporations – spooked.  As your financial advisors, we believe that it’s our job to explain why that is, as well as what we should do about it.

The Global Economy

There’s nothing like a virus to remind us that we are all connected.

To show what we mean, look at your phone for a moment. In a sense, you’re holding a miniature version of the world.  The screen you’re looking at probably came from Japan.  Your phone’s accelerometer likely came from Germany; the gyroscope, from Belgium.  The wi-fi chip may have come from Mexico, or perhaps Brazil; the audio chip, from the United States.

And your phone’s battery? That probably came from China.3

For a company like Apple to sell you an iPhone, they rely on the work of millions of people based in dozens of countries.  That is a supply chain, one of thousands of arteries that keep the world’s economy beating. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, though. Imagine an epidemic breaks out near one link – a factory that produces widgets, for example.  Suddenly, people can’t go to work.

Manufacturing stops.  Fewer widgets are produced.

Somewhere down the chain, another factory makes gizmos – but they need widgets to do it. What happens when there aren’t enough widgets?  Soon, there won’t be enough gizmos, either.

And at the end of the chain, the company that turns the widget-powered gizmos into gadgets has fewer of those to sell. Which means they can’t reach their quarterly estimates, which means their stock price falls. As do the stock prices of the widget and gizmo manufacturers.

The result is a black day for the markets.  Like the one we had on February 24.

This is exactly what’s happening right now.  With one of the world’s largest economies, China is at the center of many, many supply chains. From electronics to blue jeans, the world relies on China for its resources and manpower.  But China is also at the center of the current outbreak, with over 77,000 confirmed cases and 2,500 deaths.1   This is why even companies like Apple and Adidas have recently admitted that COVID-19 will probably affect their bottom line.4&5

But the story doesn’t end there.

From Asia to Europe

The markets have long known about how the coronavirus could hamper global supply chains. But as long as the virus seemed limited to China, investors largely shrugged it off. That all started to change last week.

Take South Korea – small in terms of size, but a giant in terms of industry. On February 17, South Korea had 30 confirmed cases.6   Just one week later, there were over 800.1

Even more unnerving, to some analysists, is what’s going on in Northern Italy.  Last week, there were only a few reported cases. As of this writing, there are over 200, mainly centered in Lombardy, where some of the world’s most important carmakers are located.1   Officials have closed schools and put multiple towns on lockdown to keep the virus from spreading, but the fact that COVID-19 is now established on an entirely different continent is what’s causing fear.

Another cause of fear is that it’s not just supply chains and manufacturing being affected. Tourism, airlines, energy –many industries have seen a drop in business due to the coronavirus. And of course, the sheer fact that people have died is enough to make anyone wonder, “Should I be afraid, too?”

Let’s answer that right now.

Fear and financial decisions

Fear is at the heart of every market drop.  Usually, it’s fear of the unknown.  In this case, there are several unknowns for investors to contend with.  Why exactly is this virus spreading so fast? How far will it spread?  How long will it last? These are questions that no financial advisor can answer.

But fear, as we know, is a bad reason to make decisions. Fear of missing out, for example, often makes us behave too rashly. On the other side of the coin, fear of not getting out leads us to toss away opportunities or abandon the progress we’ve made to our goals.

Fortunately, whenever we feel fear, there are two tools that we can use to steady ourselves.

The first tool is history. Past performance, as you’ve no doubt heard many times, is no guarantee of future results. But past is also prologue, which means history can give us a good idea of what to expect in the future.  For example, here is how the S&P 500 performed over a 6-month period after other recent epidemics.7

Now, these are all imperfect comparisons, as they dealt with different viruses, at different times, in different regions, in different contexts.  The point is that the markets, while occasionally impacted in the short term by epidemics, are rarely impacted over the long-term. And as we are investing to help you achieve your long-term goals, it’s the long-term that we care about.

The second tool, of course, is our own plan. You’ve probably heard us say this before, but we invest expecting volatility to happen. As your financial advisors, we can’t predict exactly when it will occur, nor always what will cause it. But we know that it will, so we are prepared for it.

This particular bout of volatility is coming after months of astonishing growth, and a correction has always been bound to happen at some point.  If it’s not coronavirus, it could be the trade war, or the U.S. presidential elections, or any of a dozen other things.

Over the coming weeks, we’ll probably see more scary-sounding headlines. It’s possible that COVID-19 could spread, and further disrupt the world economy.  It’s possible that should these things happen, the markets will drop – and then climb again when more positive headlines emerge the next day.  Coronavirus is unquestionably a serious issue of global importance, but it’s not worth panicking over. So, our advice is to not overreact to these day-to-day or even week-to- week swings.  To do that would be like playing whack-a-mole with your investments. Our team certainly won’t do that!

What we will do is continue to keep a very close eye on how the coronavirus is spreading, as well as how the world is handling it. If we ever feel that the long-term situation has changed, we may then make changes, too.  But in the meantime, let’s continue to be cautious, but never fearful, investors.

As always, please let us know if you have any questions or concerns.  We are always happy to help with both.  Have a great week!

SOURCES:

• “Tracking coronavirus,” BNO News, last updated February 24, https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-   coronavirus-cases/
• “Dow Industrials Close 1,000 Points Lower as Coronavirus Cases Mount,” The Wall Street Journal, February 24, https://www.wsj.com/articles/stocks-fall-as-coronavirus-spread-accelerates-outside-china-11582533308?mod=hp_lead_pos1
• “Where is the iPhone Made?” Lifewire, November 9, https://www.lifewire.com/where-is-the-iphone-made-1999503
• “Apple Signals Coronavirus’s Threat to Global Business,” The New York Times, February 17, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/technology/apple-coronavirus-economy.html
• “Adidas, Puma Warn of Coronavirus Blow,” The Wall Street Journal, February 19, https://www.wsj.com/articles/puma-   tops-hopes-but-warns-of-coronavirus-hit-11582106613
• “S. Korea reports 1 more case of novel coronavirus, total now at 30,” Yonhaps News Agency, February 17, https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200217002900320
• “How the stock market has performed during past viral outbreaks,” MarketWatch, February 24, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/heres-how-the-stock-market-has-performed-during-past-viral-outbreaks-as-chinas-    coronavirus-spreads-2020-01-22

Did you know you will not be able to fly or access Federal facilities after October 1, 2020 without having your driver’s license updated to the federally mandated REAL ID?  

It is not mandatory that states update their driver’s licenses, but citizens will not be able to use old style IDs to obtain admission into federal facilities and at airport security checkpoints run by the Department of Homeland Security.
Read more on the DHS website>>

To some people, the practice of exchanging valentines is great for children in elementary school, but it’s hardly something for adults. Right?

Well, one of the toughest, most resilient men you’ll ever meet doesn’t think that valentines are silly. And he should know – after all, he just received over 20,000 of them.¹

The Oldest Marine

Major Bill White is a 104-year-old veteran of World War II, and perhaps the oldest Marine alive.¹   He’s a Purple Heart recipient who fought at Iwo Jima, and later served in the Korean War as well.  These days, Major White lives in an assisted care facility in California and spends much of his time collecting memorabilia of the incredible life he has lived.

But as he looked over his collection, he decided there was something missing.  Something he dearly wanted to add.

He wanted a valentine.

So, another facility resident put a call out on social media.  Would anyone like to send this hero a card for Valentine’s Day?

Operation Valentine had begun.

Within days, the responses started pouring in.  Blankets, quilts, candy, and of course, cards. Many were homemade, with simple, heartfelt messages.  Some thanked Major White for his service.  Others described how their family members had served in the military, and why it meant the world to show their love for someone similar. Some cards came from the elderly; others were sent by children.  At first, his facility hoped for a few thousand cards.  They were blown away when they received tens of thousands.

Major White intends to save every single one.

“I’ll save every one of them…and they’ll be a personal part of my history,” he explains.²

When you look past the flower bouquets, candy hearts, and boxes of chocolate, I think this is what Valentine’s Day is really all about.  It’s a chance to tell someone, anyone, that they are loved, needed, and valued.  And while it’s true that we have 364 other days to do that, we all know busy life gets.  How demanding the world can be.  We all know how easy it is to let time go by.

So, sometimes, it’s good to have a day on the calendar to remind ourselves to send someone a valentine.  It could be a spouse or partner.  It could be a neighbor, teacher, or a local policeman. Or it could be the nearest 104-year-old Marine you can find. Because when you think about it, what is a valentine, really?  It’s more than a heart cut out of construction paper.  It’s more than a card in an envelope.

A valentine is love.

As for Major Bill White, he remains as tough as ever. He still wears the same uniform he’s had for over 60 years, and in his mind, he’s never stopped serving.

“I’ve been a Marine for 85 years now,” he says.  “So, if they feel like it, they could call me back on active duty anytime.  I’m still on the list.”¹

On behalf of everyone at Research Financial Strategies, we hope you have a wonderful Valentine’s Day!

P.S.  If you want to send Major White a valentine, you can address it to:
Operation Valentine
ATTN: Hold for Maj Bill White, USMC (Ret) The Oaks at Inglewood
6725 Inglewood Ave.
Stockton, CA 95207

“104-year-old WWII vet receives thousands of cards for Valentine’s Day,” USA Today, January 26, 2020.  https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/01/25/wwii-vet-california-receives-nearly-100-k-valentines-day-   cards/4562457002/
“104-year-old Marine Corps veteran collecting Valentine’s Day cards,” Fox40, January 9, 2020.  https://fox40.com/2020/01/09/104-year-old-marine-corps-veteran-collecting-valentines-day-cards/

By now, you’ve probably heard about the coronavirus outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan. As of this writing, there have been about 2,900 confirmed cases, with over 80 deaths.¹ Most cases have been within China itself, but the virus has spread to a small number of individuals in over fifteen countries.

As you can imagine, the outbreak has put global markets on edge. On Monday, the Dow dropped over 450 points due to concerns about the virus’s spread.² While there’s no reason to be alarmed, this is a good opportunity to remind ourselves why taking a longer view is so important. We’ll explain what we mean with a brief Q&A:

Q: I’ve been ignoring the news. Can you tell me what’s going on?
Quick recap. Coronavirus is actually a group of viruses that cause respiratory infections. For most people, these infections rarely amount to anything worse than a common cold. But sometimes, certain strains can be either more virulent, more transmissible, or both. Remember the SARS outbreak of 2003? That was also a type of coronavirus.

A new strain of coronavirus is behind the current outbreak. First identified in Wuhan at the beginning of the year, the virus is transmittable from person to person and can cause severe pneumonia, especially in the elderly and people with weak immune systems. The outbreak seems to have worsened in recent weeks, with travelers from China carrying the virus to multiple countries. In response, Wuhan has gone into lockdown, and many countries have evacuated their citizens.

 Q: Okay, so why are the markets worried about this?
The immediate concern is what the outbreak will do to China’s economy. As the second largest in the world, whenever China sneezes, other economies feel the wind. With a virus outbreak, analysts are worried about both slowing consumption and production, as well as dramatically reduced travel to and from China. All these things could impact the bottom-line of those countries and corporations that do business with China. (Which, of course, is most of them.)

The other concern is what will happen if this outbreak turns into a worldwide pandemic. We are not  scientists, but that seems more like a scenario for Hollywood screenwriters than investors. On the other hand, China’s decision to put a city of 11 million people on lockdown is a good indicator that they are taking the problem seriously and don’t want it to get worse.

As always, the real culprit here is uncertainty.  No one knows for certain how long the outbreak will last, how bad it will get, how far it will spread, or how it will impact economic growth. The natural instinct, then, is to shut the doors, draw the blinds, stick the money under the mattress, and wait for the storm to blow over. That’s exactly what we’re seeing some investors do right now.

 Q: Is that what we should do?
No! While natural instincts are great if you’re trying to avoid getting eaten by tigers, they’re not so helpful with making investment decisions.

Make no mistake, viral outbreaks can have an impact on the global economy. Certain sectors of the markets, like travel, energy, and retail, could be in for a few weeks – or months – of headaches. For example, let’s go back to the SARS outbreak of 2003. In that case, SARS is estimated to have cost the world economy $40 billion.³ The S&P 500 dropped 8.3% during that time, and many other stock markets suffered large losses, too.⁴

But there are two things to remember here.

First, the current outbreak is nowhere near what SARS was. Back then, nearly 800 people died in 17 different countries, and over 8,000 people were infected.³ As of now, this virus is neither as widespread nor as deadly. Furthermore, humanity’s ability to respond to it is much greater than it was 17 years ago. The situation can change, of course, but until it does, it’s important we keep a sense of perspective.

The second thing to remember is that the effect SARS had on the market was temporary. After hitting its low in February of 2003, the S&P then went on a tear, finishing up 26% for the year.⁵ This is in keeping with how global events usually affect the markets: A short, sometimes steep slide as investors try to figure out what’s going on, followed by a longer climb. Generally speaking, it takes long-term trends, or major changes to the economy’s fundamentals, to make long-term changes in the direction of the markets.

 Q: So, what should we do about all this?
For the people directly affected by the outbreak, and for the heroic men and women combatting it, coronavirus is a serious issue. For us, this is an opportunity to remember why we shouldn’t overreact to headlines. While headlines can be unsettling, they very rarely require us to make changes to our investment strategy. For that reason, the best thing we can do is to mentally prepare ourselves for more volatility should this outbreak worsen. Of course, mental preparation and emotional discipline are two of the best things we can practice as investors, in rain or shine, in sickness and in health. But in the meantime, for us here at Research Financial Strategies, it’s business as usual. We hope it is for you, too.

As always, please let us know if you have any questions or concerns.  We are always happy to be of service.
Have a great February!

Investment advice offered through Research Financial Strategies, a registered investment advisor.

1 “Tracking coronavirus,” BNO News, https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/01/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/
2 “Dow Drops Over 450 Points on Coronavirus Fears,” The Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/global-stocks-slide-on-coronavirus-fears-11580119666?mod=hp_lead_pos2
3 “SARS wiped $40 billion off world markets,” NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/business/markets/sars-wiped-40-billion-world-markets-what-will-coronavirus-do-n1122151
4 “A History of Coronavirus Outbreaks and the Stock Market,” Yahoo Finance, https://finance.yahoo.com/news/history-coronavirus-outbreaks-stock-market-204520997.html
5 “S&P 500 Historical Annual Returns,” Macro Trends, https://www.macrotrends.net/2526/sp-500-historical-annual-returns