The Markets

As the markets turn.

Last week, investors breathed a sigh of relief when the latest price data showed core inflation, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, moved lower in December.

Investors has been worried because economists forecasted inflation would be stickier in December, reported Frank Lee of Morningstar. If that proved out, the Fed might have stopped lowering the federal funds rate, which would have had adverse implications for company performance and stock prices. So when core inflation dropped to 3.2 percent year over year, investors celebrated.

Some think the celebration might be premature.

Jacob Sonenshine of Barron’s reported, “Stocks jumped after this week’s inflation data. The problem is that there’s not a lot to love in the numbers. The reality is that inflation remains well above the Federal Reserve’s 2 [percent] goal. The average headline [Consumer Price Index] has been 2.7 [percent] in the past three months, above the 2.6 [percent] average for the three months that ended in September. So the trend of inflation, when considering a larger sample size of results, is inching higher, not lower…The result is that the Fed is unlikely to reduce interest rates aggressively. The federal-funds futures market now expects just one interest-rate cut this year…”

Inflation wasn’t the only reason investor optimism surged last week, though. Fourth quarter earnings season—the time when management lets investors know how the companies performed in the prior quarter—got off to a strong start. “Big Banks set a positive note earlier this week, while [a large semiconductor company] sparked further enthusiasm among chip stocks. Things will only heat up in the weeks ahead, as Wall Street sizes up results from the market’s heaviest hitters,” reported Connor Smith of Barron’s.

We should all be prepared for markets to be volatile this year.

While last week delivered attractive gains overall, the week before stock and bond markets moved in the opposite direction. Jurrien Timmer of Fidelity explained why we may see significant volatility this year:

“While I continue to believe we are in a bull market—with rising earnings poised to pull the weight of the market still higher—this recent volatility could be a sign of things to come. Later stages of a bull market tend to be more volatile. And it doesn’t take as much to disrupt the market’s mojo when valuations like price-earnings (PE) ratios are high, as they have been. But moreover, I believe the interest-rate angst that’s been weighing on the market isn’t likely to go away anytime soon, and could be a recurring feature of the year ahead.”

Last week, major U.S. stock indices rose sharply, and yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries fell.

THE COSTLIEST NATURAL DISASTERS IN U.S. HISTORY. The Los Angeles wildfires were still burning when this was written, and it’s not yet possible to understand the full economic impact of the event. Last week, AccuWeather “increased its preliminary estimate of the total damage and economic loss to between $250 billion and $275 billion,” reported Monica Danielle. A week earlier, the estimate had been $52 billion to $57 billion.

If the new forecast holds up, it puts the wildfires at or near the top of the list of costliest natural disasters in the United States. Not including the wildfires, six of the top 10 events have happened over the past decade. Here are the top 10, as listed in AARP.org using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (All dollar figures were adjusted for inflation.)

1. Hurricane Katrina, 2005, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama: $201.3 billion
2. Hurricane Harvey, 2017, Texas: $160.0 billion
3. Hurricane Ian, 2022, Florida: $160.0 billion
4. Hurricane Maria, 2017, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and U.S. Virgin Islands: $115.2 billion
5. Superstorm Sandy, 2012, New Jersey, New York, and other states: $ 88.5 billion
6. Hurricane Ida, 2021, Louisiana and other states: $ 84.6 billion
7. Hurricane Helene, 2024, Florida, western North Carolina: $ 78.7 billion
8. Hurricane Irma, 2017, Florida, South Carolina, and U.S. Virgin Islands: $ 64.0 billion
9. Hurricane Andrew, 1992, Florida: $ 60.5 billion
10. United States drought/heat waves, 1988-1990, 11 U.S. states: $ 54.6 billion

In 2024, there were 27 weather and climate events that inflicted damage of $1 billion or more. Since 1980, there have been 403 events of that magnitude, with a total price tag of more than $2.9 trillion, reported NOAA.                                                                                                                       

Weekly Focus – Think About It
“[Jimmy Carter] had the courage and strength to stick to his principles even when they were politically unpopular…Fifty years ago, he was a climate warrior who pushed for a world where we conserved energy, limited emissions, and traded our reliance on fossil fuels for expanded renewable sources. By the way, he cut the deficit, wanted to decriminalize marijuana, deregulated so many industries that he gave us cheap flights and, as you heard, craft beer. Basically, all of those years ago, he was the first millennial. And he could make great playlists…”
—Jason Carter, grandson of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter

The Markets

Bond yields are rising—and they have investors’ attention.

Last year, the United States Federal Reserve (Fed) lowered the federal funds rate by one percent. (The federal funds rate is the interest rate the Fed charges banks. It influences other interest rates.) This shift in Fed policy made a lot of people happy.

• Companies, business owners, and consumers cheered because Fed rate cuts typically lower borrowing costs. As a result, rates on business loans, home equity loans, auto loans and credit cards tend to move lower.

• Stock investors were enthusiastic because lower borrowing costs can reduce companies’ expenses and increase profits, and that can lift stock prices higher. Since the stock market moves in anticipation of future events, rate cut expectations are already reflected in many companies’ stock prices.

• Prospective homebuyers were optimistic. Fixed mortgage rates are linked to the yield of the 10-year U.S. Treasury note, and they hoped it might also move lower.

Bondholders were more skeptical. Even as the Fed was cutting the federal funds rate, yields on longer maturities of U.S. government bonds were moving higher—not lower. One reason is that economic data—including last week’s strong jobs report—continue to confirm that economic growth and inflation are exceeding expectations. As a result, the Fed may be inclined toward fewer rate cuts in 2025.

“For stocks, higher bond yields imply no increase in price/earnings ratios and possibly some contraction from current levels,” reported Randall W. Forsyth of Barron’s. Changing expectations for Fed actions and company performance is likely to shift analysts’ outlook for stock market performance.

There is a second reason for the divergence in Fed actions and government bond yields, according to economist Mohamed El-Erian, a columnist for Bloomberg. He explained that key government bond yields in advanced economies “are widely regarded as the most accurate gauge of the economic outlook, including growth, inflation and central bank policies.” In his opinion, “Yield increases show that investors are closely watching whether advanced economies have the ability to deal with high debt and rising borrowing costs.” 

Last week, major U.S. stock indices moved lower, and yields on longer maturities of U.S. Treasuries continued to rise.

HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW? Last year, Pew Research asked adults across the United States how much they knew about personal finance, a topic that includes “managing your money as well as saving and investing. It encompasses budgeting, banking, insurance, mortgages, investments, and retirement, tax, and estate planning,” reported Will Kenton of Investopedia.

More than half (54 percent) of those who participated in the survey said they knew a great deal or a fair amount about personal finance. However, the results varied widely depending on the demographic attributes considered. For example, knowledge about money appears to increase with age, reported Khadijah Edwards of Pew Research Center. For example:

Ages 18 to 29:             41 percent know at least a fair amount

Ages 30 to 49:             47 percent know at least a fair amount

Ages 50 to 64:             60 percent know at least a fair amount

Ages 65 and older:      67 percent know at least a fair amount

Extrapolating that result suggests that about two-thirds of Americans may know a fair amount about personal finance as they approach retirement. Many survey participants learned what they knew about money from family and friends. Others said they relied on:

• The internet,
• A college or university course,
• Media (news, documentaries, and books), and
• Elementary or high school classes.

When asked about various issues related to finances, respondents were more confident in their ability to accomplish some tasks than others. For example, participants were confident they could:

• Find their credit report 75 percent
• Make a monthly budget 59 percent
• Develop a plan to pay off debt 57 percent
• Create a plan to save money 56 percent
• Build an investment plan to grow wealth 27 percent

If you have friends or family members who would benefit from knowing more about how to manage, save, and invest money, gifting a subscription to a personal finance publication could make a difference. You’re also welcome to share our contact information. We help people pursue their financial goals. 

Weekly Focus – Think About It
“Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.”
  —Confucius, philosopher

https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/reference-rates/effr

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/federalfundsrate.asp

https://www.bankrate.com/mortgages/federal-reserve-and-mortgage-rates/

https://home.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/TextView?type=daily_treasury_yield_curve&field_tdr_date_value_month=202501

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm

https://www.barrons.com/articles/bond-yields-stocks-markets-c547ed93?mod=hp_LEDE_C_1 (or go to https://resources.carsongroup.com/hubfs/WMC-Source/2025/01-13-25_Barrons_Bond%20Yields%20Rising%20A%20Problem%20For%20Stocks_6.pdf)

https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-12-30/bond-vigilantes-are-putting-governments-on-notice (or go to https://resources.carsongroup.com/hubfs/WMC-Source/2025/01-13-25_Bloomberg_Bond%20Vigilantes%20Putting%20Govs%20on%20Notice_7.pdf)

https://www.barrons.com/market-data?mod=BOL_TOPNAV (or go to https://resources.carsongroup.com/hubfs/WMC-Source/2025/01-13-25_Barrons_Data_8.pdf)

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/personalfinance.asp

https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/12/09/roughly-half-of-americans-are-knowledgeable-about-personal-finances/

https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/63437-real-knowledge-is-to-know-the-extent-of-one-s-ignorance